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What are the Most Common Causes of Thumb and Hand Pain?

Shelby Miller
Shelby Miller

Thumb and hand pain can result from a variety of diseases, injuries, and other conditions, but a few are particularly common. In the thumb, osteoarthritis can cause pain at the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint, found at the very base of the thumb alongside the wrist. Less commonly, rheumatoid arthritis, which differs from osteoarthritis in that it involves inflammation of the synovial membrane within the joint rather than a wearing of the joint cartilage, can afflict the hands and thumb, often at the interphalangeal joints, or knuckles. If the pain in the hand is generalized and accompanied by tingling and numbness, it may be caused by carpal tunnel syndrome, another common cause of thumb and hand pain.

Affecting the joints of millions of people worldwide, osteoarthritis is characterized by inflammatory pain at a joint and is a common cause of thumb and hand pain. The result of a gradual wearing on joint structures, namely the cartilaginous disks providing cushioning between the adjacent bones of the joint, osteoarthritis can be caused by age, injury, obesity, or certain diseases. Symptoms include pain, tenderness, and swelling at the joint, as well as joint stiffness and difficulty in movement. The articulation in the hand most typically affected by osteoarthritis — also known as degenerative joint disease — is the carpometacarpal joint. Pain at this joint is felt during a wide range of movements, from gripping a pen to opening a jar or turning a doorknob.

Typing can cause carpal tunnel syndrome if done incorrectly.
Typing can cause carpal tunnel syndrome if done incorrectly.

Another type of arthritis that can result in thumb and hand pain is rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis affects the synovial joints of the hand — those that can produce movement — and is caused by an overproduction of cells in the synovial membrane lining the joint. This overproduction, also known as hyperplasia, generates an inflammatory response at the joint characterized by inflammation of the membrane and build up of synovial fluid within the joint membrane.

A pinched nerve in the carpal bones causes carpal tunnel.
A pinched nerve in the carpal bones causes carpal tunnel.

Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis are commonly felt in the smaller knuckles of the fingers and larger knuckles of the hand. They are more disabling than those of osteoarthritis and include pain, swelling, tenderness, and warmth at the joint. Other symptoms include stiffness and limited range of motion, particularly first thing in the morning. Rheumatoid arthritis can eventually lead to deformity.

Arthritis may cause thumb and hand pain.
Arthritis may cause thumb and hand pain.

A more general feeling of thumb and hand pain can result from carpal tunnel syndrome. This injury is classified as a repetitive strain injury (RSI). Carpal tunnel occurs when the median nerve passing between the carpal bones of the wrist as it enters the hand is pinched by swollen and inflamed tendons entering the hand alongside it.

These tendons belong to the wrist extensor muscles in the forearm. Inflammation occurs when these muscles are frequently overused, as in bending back one’s wrists to type on a computer. Carpal tunnel syndrome is felt as numbness, tingling, and pain spreading through the hand to the four fingers. This pain can also radiate up the arm and can become worse upon performing the activity that caused it.

Discussion Comments

candyquilt

I wonder if osteoarthritis is genetic. All of the elders in my family get it. It seems to occur automatically after a certain age and for some reason always stars at the hand.

My dad was diagnosed with it recently too. Thankfully, his pain is not severe and basic treatments like heat therapy and pain relievers are enough at this point. We just hope that it doesn't worsen in the future.

ysmina

fBoyle-- Oh yea. Typing leads to carpal tunnel syndrome. That's why carpal tunnel used to be called "the typist's syndrome." It's also common among factory workers who have to repeat the same exact movement all day. Our body really was not made for repetitive movements.

fBoyle

I wasn't even aware that typing a lot could cause problems until it happened to me. When I went to my doctor with severe and persistent pain in my thumb and hand, he had some films taken and asked me what I have been doing. I hadn't been doing anything aside from working as usual. He determined the cause of the pain as excessive typing and I was very shocked to hear it.

But after taking a few days off and resting, my pain reduced and I realized that my doctor was right. I've also purchased some ergonomic support pieces like an ergonomic mouse and a wrist rest. They too have helped.

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    • Typing can cause carpal tunnel syndrome if done incorrectly.
      By: yanlev
      Typing can cause carpal tunnel syndrome if done incorrectly.
    • A pinched nerve in the carpal bones causes carpal tunnel.
      By: Alila Medical Media
      A pinched nerve in the carpal bones causes carpal tunnel.
    • Arthritis may cause thumb and hand pain.
      By: nebari
      Arthritis may cause thumb and hand pain.
    • Typing on a laptop keyboard can cause RSI.
      By: NOBU
      Typing on a laptop keyboard can cause RSI.
    • In addition to thumb and hand pain, individuals with carpal tunnel syndrome may experience numbness or tingling sensation in the fingers.
      By: maticsandra
      In addition to thumb and hand pain, individuals with carpal tunnel syndrome may experience numbness or tingling sensation in the fingers.
    • Osteoarthritis can cause hand pain.
      By: nebari
      Osteoarthritis can cause hand pain.
    • Injury due to trauma may cause hand and thumb pain.
      By: corepics
      Injury due to trauma may cause hand and thumb pain.