What Is the Gingival Sulcus?

Gingival sulcus is a specialized tissue within the human mouth that separates the tooth from the normal gingival tissue. It functions as a seal between teeth and gingival tissue, and includes protective defenses against disease-causing bacteria. Measuring its depth is a tool used by dentists to gauge oral health. Daily flossing protects the gingival sulcus, ensuring that the rest of the mouth does not become diseased as well.

One's gingival sulcus is not a visible part of the oral anatomy. It exists just behind the gum line, a small space of cells roughly one-half to 1 millimeter deep. The specialized cells contained within have two main purposes. The first is to connect the gingiva, more commonly known as the gums, to the teeth. This connection, held together through a net of fibrous tissue, allows the gingiva to keep teeth properly anchored onto the underlying bone.

The second function of the gingival sulcus is to stop disease-causing bacteria from entering the teeth and body through the gums. Besides acting as a physical barrier, the sulcus contains a higher than average number of white blood cells and antibodies. For individuals who maintain proper oral health, this dual layer of protection prevents the formation of cavities, gingivitis and periodontal disease.

The condition of the gingival sulcus is used by dentists to determine oral health. Using a metal probe, a dentist places the probe at the gap between the gingiva and tooth. A gap of less than 1 millimeter indicates a healthy gingival sulcus. A 1 to 3 millimeter gap is a gingival pocket; this condition is completely reversible with proper oral care. Finally, a gap of 4 millimeters or more is known as a periodontal pocket; at this point the fibers that connect the gingiva and tooth are irreversibly destroyed.

As the gingival sulcus is one of the mouth's lines of defense, protecting it though proper oral care is essential. Though brushing one's teeth twice a day helps protect the mouth as a whole, flossing at least once a day helps maintain a healthy sulcus. Together, brushing and flossing can prevent cavities and periodontal disease from occurring. If one is attempting to treat a gingival pocket or periodontal pocket, it is necessary to consult with a dentist or oral surgeon. Other treatments may be necessary to stop degenerative decay and restore the mouth to proper cosmetic and functional order.